Tuesday, March 11, 2008

Benjamin franklin





Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston on January 17, 1706. He was the tenth son of soap maker, Josiah Franklin. Benjamin's mother was Abiah Folger, the second wife of Josiah. In all, Josiah would father 17 children.
Josiah intended for Benjamin to enter into the clergy. However, Josiah could only afford to send his son to school for one year and clergymen needed years of schooling. But, as young Benjamin loved to read he had him apprenticed to his brother James, who was a printer. After helping James compose pamphlets and set type which was grueling work, 12-year-old Benjamin would sell their products in the streets.
Apprentice Printer
When Benjamin was 15 his brother started The New England Courant the first "newspaper" in Boston. Though there were two papers in the city before James's Courant, they only reprinted news from abroad. James's paper carried articles, opinion pieces written by James's friends, advertisements, and news of ship schedules.
Benjamin wanted to write for the paper too, but he knew that James would never let him. After all, Benjamin was just a lowly apprentice. So Ben began writing letters at night and signing them with the name of a fictional widow, Silence Dogood. Dogood was filled with advice and very critical of the world around her, particularly concerning the issue of how women were treated. Ben would sneak the letters under the print shop door at night so no one knew who was writing the pieces. They were a smash hit, and everyone wanted to know who was the real "Silence Dogood."
After 16 letters, Ben confessed that he had been writing the letters all along. While James's friends thought Ben was quite precocious and funny, James scolded his brother and was very jealous of the attention paid to him.
Before long the Franklins found themselves at odds with Boston's powerful Puritan preachers, the Mathers. Smallpox was a deadly disease in those times, and the Mathers supported inoculation; the Franklins' believed inoculation only made people sicker. And while most Bostonians agreed with the Franklins, they did not like the way James made fun of the clergy, during the debate. Ultimately, James was thrown in jail for his views, and Benjamin was left to run the paper for several issues.
Upon release from jail, James was not grateful to Ben for keeping the paper going. Instead he kept harassing his younger brother and administering beatings from time to time. Ben could not take it and decided to run away in 1723.
Escape to Philadelphia
Running away was illegal. In early America, people all had to have a place in society and runaways did not fit in anywhere. Regardless Ben took a boat to New York where he hoped to find work as a printer. He didn't, and walked across New Jersey, finally arriving in Philadelphia via a boat ride. After debarking, he used the last of his money to buy some rolls. He was wet, disheveled, and messy when his future wife, Deborah Read, saw him on that day, October, 6, 1723. She thought him odd-looking, never dreaming that seven years later they would be married.
Franklin found work as an apprentice printer. He did so well that the governor of Pennsylvania promised to set him up in business for himself if young Franklin would just go to London to buy fonts and printing equipment. Franklin did go to London, but the governor reneged on his promise and Benjamin was forced to spend several months in England doing print work.
Benjamin had been living with the Read family before he left for London. Deborah Read, the very same girl who had seen young Benjamin arrive in Philadelphia, started talking marriage, with the young printer. But Ben did not think he was ready. While he was gone, she married another man.
Upon returning to Philadelphia, Franklin tried his hand at helping to run a shop, but soon went back to being a printer's helper. Franklin was a better printer than the man he was working for, so he borrowed some money and set himself up in the printing business. Franklin seemed to work all the time, and the citizens of Philadelphia began to notice the diligent young businessman. Soon he began getting the contract to do government jobs and started thriving in business.
In 1728, Benjamin fathered a child named William. The mother of William is not known. However, in 1730 Benjamin married his childhood sweetheart, Deborah Read. Deborah's husband had run off, and now she was able to marry.
In addition to running a print shop, the Franklins also ran their own store at this time, with Deborah selling everything from soap to fabric. Ben also ran a book store. They were quite enterprising.
The Pennsylvania Gazette
In 1729, Benjamin Franklin bought a newspaper, the Pennsylvania Gazette. Franklin not only printed the paper, but often contributed pieces to the paper under aliases. His newspaper soon became the most successful in the colonies. This newspaper, among other firsts, would print the first political cartoon, authored by Ben himself.
During the 1720s and 1730s, the side of Franklin devoted to public good started to show itself. He organized the Junto, a young working-man's group dedicated to self- and-civic improvement. He joined the Masons. He was a very busy man socially.
Poor Richard's Almanack
But Franklin thrived on work. In 1733 he started publishing Poor Richard's Almanack. Almanacs of the era were printed annually, and contained things like weather reports, recipes, predictions and homilies. Franklin published his almanac under the guise of a man named Richard Saunders, a poor man who needed money to take care of his carping wife. What distinguished Franklin's almanac were his witty aphorisms and lively writing. Many of the famous phrases associated with Franklin, such as, "A penny saved is a penny earned" come from Poor Richard.
Fire Prevention
Franklin continued his civic contributions during the 1730s and 1740s. He helped launch projects to pave, clean and light Philadelphia's streets. He started agitating for environmental clean up. Among the chief accomplishments of Franklin in this era was helping to launch the Library Company in 1731. During this time books were scarce and expensive. Franklin recognized that by pooling together resources, members could afford to buy books from England. Thus was born the nation's first subscription library. In 1743, he helped to launch the American Philosophical Society, the first learned society in America. Recognizing that the city needed better help in treating the sick, Franklin brought together a group who formed the Pennsylvania Hospital in 1751. The Library Company, Philosophical Society, and Pennsylvania Hospital are all in existence today.
Fires were very dangerous threat to Philadelphians, so Franklin set about trying to remedy the situation. In 1736, he organized Philadelphia's Union Fire Company, the first in the city. His famous saying, "An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure," was actually fire-fighting advice.
Those who suffered fire damage to their homes often suffered irreversible economic loss. So, in 1752, Franklin helped to found the Philadelphia Contribution for Insurance Against Loss by Fire. Those with insurance policies were not wiped out financially. The Contributionship is still in business today.
Electricity
Franklin's printing business was thriving in this 1730s and 1740s. He also started setting up franchise printing partnerships in other cities. By 1749 he retired from business and started concentrating on science, experiments, and inventions. This was nothing new to Franklin. In 1743, he had already invented a heat-efficient stove — called the Franklin stove — to help warm houses efficiently. As the stove was invented to help improve society, he refused to take out a patent.
Among Franklin's other inventions are swim fins, the glass armonica (a musical instrument) and bifocals.
In the early 1750's he turned to the study of electricity. His observations, including his kite experiment which verified the nature of electricity and lightning brought Franklin international fame.
The Political Scene
Politics became more of an active interest for Franklin in the 1750s. In 1757, he went to England to represent Pennsylvania in its fight with the descendants of the Penn family over who should represent the Colony. He remained in England to 1775, as a Colonial representative not only of Pennsylvania, but of Georgia, New Jersey and Massachusetts as well.
Early in his time abroad, Franklin considered himself a loyal Englishman. England had many of the amenities that America lacked. The country also had fine thinkers, theater, witty conversation — things in short supply in America. He kept asking Deborah to come visit him in England. He had thoughts of staying there permanently, but she was afraid of traveling by ship.
In 1765, Franklin was caught by surprise by America's overwhelming opposition to the Stamp Act. His testimony before Parliament helped persuade the members to repeal the law. He started wondering if America should break free of England. Franklin, though he had many friends in England, was growing sick of the corruption he saw all around him in politics and royal circles. Franklin, who had proposed a plan for united colonies in 1754, now would earnestly start working toward that goal.
Franklin's big break with England occurred in the "Hutchinson Affair." Thomas Hutchinson was an English-appointed governor of Massachusetts. Although he pretended to take the side of the people of Massachusetts in their complaints against England, he was actually still working for the King. Franklin got a hold of some letters in which Hutchinson called for "an abridgment of what are called English Liberties" in America. He sent the letters to America where much of the population was outraged. After leaking the letters Franklin was called to Whitehall, the English Foreign Ministry, where he was condemned in public.
A New Nation
Franklin came home.
He started working actively for Independence. He naturally thought his son William, now the Royal governor of New Jersey, would agree with his views. William did not. William remained a Loyal Englishman. This caused a rift between father and son which was never healed.
Franklin was elected to the Second Continental Congress and worked on a committee of five that helped to draft the Declaration of Independence. Though much of the writing is Thomas Jefferson's, much of the contribution is Franklin's. In 1776 Franklin signed the Declaration, and afterward sailed to France as an ambassador to the Court of Louis XVI.
The French loved Franklin. He was the man who had tamed lightning, the humble American who dressed like a backwoodsman but was a match for any wit in the world. He spoke French, though stutteringly. He was a favorite of the ladies. Several years earlier his wife Deborah had died, and Benjamin was now a notorious flirt.
In part via Franklin's popularity, the government of France signed a Treaty of Alliance with the Americans in 1778. Franklin also helped secure loans and persuade the French they were doing the right thing. Franklin was on hand to sign the Treaty of Paris in 1783, after the Americans had won the Revolution.
Now a man in his late seventies, Franklin returned to America. He became President of the Executive Council of Pennsylvania. He served as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention and signed the Constitution. One of his last public acts was writing an anti-slavery treatise in 1789.
Franklin died on April 17, 1790 at the age of 84. 20,000 people attended the funeral of the man who was called, "the harmonious human multitude."
His electric personality, however, still lights the world.





quotation from poor Richards Almanak


1734
Would you live with ease? Do what you ought, not what you please.
Better slip with foot than tongue.
You cannot pluck roses without fear of thorns, Nor enjoy fair wife without danger of horns.
Without justice, courage is weak.
Blame-all and Praise-all are two blockheads.
No man e'er was glorious, who was not laborious.
Whate'ers begun in anger ends in shame.
What one relishes, nourishes.
Fools multiply folly.
Beauty & Folly are old companions.
Hope of gain, lessens pain.
All things are easy to Industry, All things difficult to Sloth.
If you ride a horse, sit close and tight, if you ride a man, sit easy and light.
Don't think to hunt two hares with one dog.
Who pleasure gives, Shall joy receive.
Where there is Marriage without Love, there will be Love without Marriage.
Be neither silly, nor cunning, but wise.
Neither a Fortress nor a Maidenhead will hold out long after they begin to parly.
Jack Little sow'd little, & little he'll reap.
All things are cheap to the saving, dear to the wasteful.
Would you persuade, speak of Interest, not of Reason.
Happy's the Woing, that's not long a doing.
Don't value a man for the Quality he is of, but for the Qualities he possesses.
Be good to thy Friend to keep him, to thy enemy to gain him.
A good Man is seldom uneasy, an ill one never easie.
Teach your child to hold his tongue, he'll learn fast enough to speak.
He that cannot obey, cannot command.
An innocent Plowman is more worthy than a vicious Prince.
As Charms are nonsense, Nonsence is a Charm.
An Egg to day is better than a Hen to-morrow.
Drink Water, Put the Money in your Pocket, and leave the Dry-bellyach in the Punchbowl.
He that is rich need not live sparingly, and he that can live sparingly need not be rich.
If you wou'd be reveng'd of your enemy, govern your self.
A wicked Hero will turn his back to an innocent coward.
Laws like to Cobwebs catch small Flies, Great one break thro' before your eyes.
Strange, that he who lives by Shifts, can seldom shift himself.
As sore places meet most rubs, proud folks meet most affronts.
He does not possess Wealth, it possesses him.
Necessity has no Law; I know some Attorneys of the name.
Onions can make ev'n heirs and Widows weep.
Avarice and Happiness never saw each other, how then shou'd they become acquainted.
The thrifty maxim of the wary Dutch, is to save all the Money they can touch.
He that waits upon Fortune, is never sure of a Dinner.
A learned blockhead is a greater blockhead than an ignorant one.
Marry your Son when you will, but your Daughter when you can.
If you woul'd have Guests merry with your cheer, be so your self, or so at least appear.

[edit] 1735
Look before, or you'll find yourself behind.
Bad Commentators spoil the best of books,So God sends meat (they say) the devil Cooks.
Compare: "God sends meat, and the Devil sends cooks",
John Taylor, Works, vol. ii. p. 85 (1630); "Are these the choice dishes the Doctor has sent us? Is this the great poet whose works so content us? This Goldsmith’s fine feast, who has written fine books? Heaven sends us good meat, but the Devil sends cooks?", David Garrick, Epigram on Goldsmith’s Retaliation. Vol. ii. p. 157.; "God sendeth and giveth both mouth and the meat", Thomas Tusser, A Hundred Points of Good Husbandry (1557).
Approve not of him who commends all you say.
By diligence and patience, the mouse bit in two the cable.
Full of courtesie, full of craft.
A little House well fill'd, a little Field well till'd, and a little Wife well will'd, are great Riches.
Some are weatherwise, some are otherwise.
The poor man must walk to get meat for his stomach, the rich man to get a stomach to his meat.
Eyes and Priests bear no Jests.
The family of Fools is ancient.
Necessity never made a good bargain.
If Pride leads the Van, Beggary brings up the Rear.
There's many witty men whose brains can't fill their bellies.
Weighty Questions ask for deliberate Answers.
Be slow in chusing a Friend, slower in changing.
Modern spelling: Be slow in choosing a Friend, slower in changing.
Pain wastes the Body, Pleasures the Understanding.
The cunning man steals a horse, the wise man lets him alone.
Nothing but Money, is Sweeter than Honey.
Keep thy shop, & thy shop will keep thee.
Humility makes great men twice honourable.
What's given shines,What's receiv'd is rusty.
Sloth and Silence are a Fool's Virtues.
Of learned Fools I have seen ten times ten,Of unlearned wise men I have seen a hundred.
Three may keep a Secret, if two of them are dead.
Poverty wants some things, Luxury many things, Avarice all things.
A lie stands on 1 leg, the Truth on 2.
There's small Revenge in Words, but Words may be greatly revenged.
A man is never so ridiculous by those Qualities that are his own as by those that he affects to have.
Deny Self for Self's sake.
Ever since Follies have pleas'd, Fools have been able to divert.
It is better to take many Injuries than to give one.
Opportunity is the great Bawd.
Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.
An old young man, will be a young old man.
To be humble to Superiors is Duty, to Equals Courtesy, to Inferiors Nobleness.
If what most men admire, they would despise,'Twould look as if mankind were growing wise.
The Sun never repents of the good he does, nor does he ever demand a recompence.
Are you angry that others disappoint you? remember you cannot depend upon yourself.
One Mend-fault is worth two Findfaults, but one Findfault is better than two Makefaults.
Here comes the Orator! with his Flood of Words, and his Drop of Reason.

[edit] 1736
He is no clown that drives the plow, but he that doth clownish things.
If you know how to spend less than you get, you have the Philosophers-Stone.
The good Paymaster is Lord of another man's Purse.
Fish & Visitors stink in 3 days.
Diligence is the mother of Good-Luck.
He that lives upon Hope, dies fasting.
Do not do what you would not have known.
Never praise your Cyder, Horse, or Bedfellow.
Wealth is not his that has it, but his that enjoys it.
Tis easy to see, hard to foresee.
In a discreet man's mouth, a publick thing is private.
Let thy maidservant be faithful, strong, and homely.
Keep flax from fire, and youth from gaming.
Bargaining has neither friends nor relations.
Admiration is the Daughter of Ignorance.
There are more old Drunkards than old Doctors.
She that paints her face, thinks of her Tail.
He that takes a wife, takes care.
He that can have Patience, can have what he will.
God helps them that help themselves.
None preaches better than the ant, and she says nothing.
The absent are never without fault, nor the present without excuse.
Gifts burst rocks.
If wind blows on you thro' a hole, make your will and take care of your soul.
The rotton Apple spoils his Companions.
He that sells upon trust, loses many friends, and always wants money.
Don't throw stones at your neighbours, if your own windows are glass.
The excellency of hogs is fatness, of men virtue.
Good wives and good plantations are made by good husbands.
Pox take you, is no curse to some people.
Force shites upon Reason's Back.
Lovers, Travellers, and Poets, will give money to be heard.
He that speaks much, is much mistaken.
Creditors have better memories than debtors.
Forwarn'd, forearm'd, unless in the case of Cuckolds, who are often forearm's before warn'd.
Three things are men most liable to be cheated in, a Horse, a Wig, and a Wife.
He that lives well, is learned enough.
Poverty, Poetry and new Titles of Honour, make Men ridiculous.
He that scatters Thorns, let him not go barefoot.
There's none deceived but he that trusts.
God heals, and the Doctor takes the Fees.
If you desire many things, many things will seem but a few.
Mary's mouth costs her nothing, for she never opens it but at others expense.
Receive before you write, but write before you pay.
I saw few die of Hunger, of Eating 100000.
He that would live in peace & at ease, Must not speak all he knows, nor judge all he sees.

[edit] 1737
The greatest monarch on the proudest throne, is oblig'd to sit upon his own arse. (Perhaps a prosaic translation of
Michel de Montaigne's earlier aphorism: au plus élevé trône du monde, si ne sommes assis que sur notre cul.)
The Master-piece of Man, is to live to the purpose.
He that steals an old man's support, do's him no wrong.
A countryman between 2 Lawyers, is like a fish between two cats.
He that can take rest is greater than he that can take cities.
The misers cheese is the wholesomest.
Love and lordship hate companions.
The nearest way to come at glory, is to do that for conscience which we do for glory.
There is much money given to be laught at, though the purchases don't know it; witness A's fine horse, & B's fine house.
He that can compose himself, is wiser than he that composes books.
Poor Dick, eats like a well man, and drinks like a sick.
After crosses and losses men grow humbler and wiser.
Love, Cough, & a Smoke, can't be well hid.
Well done is better than well said.
He that can travel well afoot, keeps a good horse.
There are no ugly Loves, nor handsome Prisons.
No better relation than a prudent & faithful Friend.
A Traveller should have a hog's nose, deer's legs, and an ass's back.
At the working man's house hunger looks in but dares not enter.
A good Lawyer is a bad Neighbour.
Certainlie these things agree, the Priest, the Lawyer, & Death all three: Death takes both the weak and the strong. The lawyer takes from both right and wrong, and the priest from the living and the dead has his Fee.
The worst wheel of the cart makes the most noise.
Don't misinform your Docter nor your Lawyer.
I never saw an oft-transplanted tree, nor yet an oft-removed family, that throve so well as those that settled be.
Three good meals a day is a bad living.
To whom thy secret thou dost tell, to him thy freedom thou dost sell.
If you'd have a Servant that you like, serve your self.
He that pursues two Hares at once, does not catch one and lets t'other go.
If you have time don't wait for time.
Tell a miser he's rich, and a woman she's old, you'll get no money of one, nor kindness of t'other.
Don't go to the doctor with every distemper, nor to the lawyer with every quarrel, nor to the pot for every thirst.
The creditors are a superstitious sect, great observers of set days and times.
The noblest question in the world is What Good may I do in it?
Nothing is so popular as GOODNESS.

[edit] 1738
There are three faithful friends, an old wife, an old dog, and ready money.
Who has deceiv'd thee so oft as thy self?
Write with the learned, pronounce with the vulgar.
Hast thou virtue? acquire also the graces & beauties of virtue.
Buy what thou hast no need of; and e'er long thou shalt sell thy necessaries.
If thou hast wit & learning, add to it Wisdom and Modesty.
If you wou'd not be forgottenAs soon as you are dead and rotten,Either write things worth reading,Or do things worth the writing.
Sell not virtue to purchase wealth, nor Liberty to purchase power.
Let thy vices die before thee.
Keep your eyes wide open before marriage, half shut afterwards.
The ancients tell us what is best; but we must learn of the moderns what is fittest.
Since I cannot govern my own tongue, tho' within my own teeth, how can I hope to govern the tongues of others?
'Tis less discredit to abridge petty charges, than to stoop to petty Gettings.
Since thou art not sure of a minute, throw not away an hour.
If you do what you should not, you must hear what you would not.
Wish not so much to live long as to live well.
As we must account for every idle word, so we must for every idle silence.
I have never seen the Philosopher's Stone that turns lead into Gold, but I have known the pursuit of it turn a Man's Gold into Lead.
Time is an herb that cures all Diseases.
Reading makes a full Man, Meditation a profound Man, discourse a clear Man.
If any man flatters me, I'll flatter him again; tho' he were my best Friend.
Wish a miser long life, and you wish him no good.
None but the well-bred man knows how to confess a fault, or acknowledge himself in an error.
Drive thy business; let not that drive thee.
There is much difference between imitating a good man, and counterfeiting him.
Wink at small faults; remember thou hast great ones.
Eat to please thyself, but dress to please others.
Search others for their virtues, thy self for thy vices.
Each year one vicious habit rooted out,In time might make the worst Man good throughout.

[edit] 1739
If thou wouldst live long, live well; for Folly and Wickedness shorten Life.
Trust thy self, and another shall not betray thee.
Historians relate, not so much what is done, as what they would have believed.
Thou canst not joke an Enemy into a Friend; but thou may'st a Friend into an Enemy.
He that falls in love with himself, will have no Rivals.
Let thy Discontents be Secrets.
No Resolution of Repenting hereafter, can be sincere.
Honour thy Father and Mother, i. e. Live so as to be an Honour to them tho' they are dead.
If thou injurest Conscience, it will have its Revenge on thee.
Hear no ill of a Friend, nor speak any of an Enemy.
Be not niggardly of what costs thee nothing, as courtesy, counsel, & countenance.
Beware of him that is slow to anger: He is angry for something, and will not be pleased for nothing.
Proclaim not all thou knowest, all thou owest, all thou hast, nor all thou canst.
Let our Fathers and Grandfathers be valued for their Goodness, ourselves for our own.
Industry need not wish.
Sin is not hurtful because it is forbidden but it is forbidden because it's hurtful. Nor is a Duty beneficial because it is commanded, but it is commanded, because it's beneficial.
Love, and be lov'd.
Great Beauty, great strength, & great Riches, are really & truly of no great Use; a right Heart exceeds all.
Food is essential to life, therefore make it good.

[edit] 1740
An empty bag will not stand upright.

[edit] 1741
Lying rides upon Debt's back.

[edit] 1742
When Knaves fall out, honest Men get their goods: When Priests dispute, we come at the Truth.
Strange! that a Man who has wit enough to write a Satyr; should have folly enough to publish it.
A comment on the dangers of writing of a satire.
Speak and speed: the close mouth catches no flies.
Ben beats his Pate, and fancys wit will come;But he may knock, there's no body at home.
Ill Customs & bad Advice are seldom forgotten.
He that sows thorns, should not go barefoot.
Death takes no bribes.
One good Husband is worth two good Wives; for the scarcer things are the more they're valued.
He that riseth late, must trot all day, and shall scarce overtake his business at night.
He that speaks ill of the Mare, will buy her.
You will be careful, if you are wise;How you touch Men's Religion, or Credit, or Eyes.
They who have nothing to trouble them, will be troubled at nothing.
Against Diseases here, the strongest Fence,Is the defensive Virtue, Abstinence.
If thou dost ill, the joy fades, not the pains;If well, the pain doth fade, the joy remains.
To err is human, to repent divine, to persist devilish.
Industry pays Debts, Despair encreases them.
The Difficulty lies, in finding out an exact Measure; but eat for Necessity, not Pleasure, for Lust knows not where Necessity ends.
If thou art dull and heavy after Meat, it's a sign thou hast exceeded the due Measure; for Meat and Drink ought to refresh the Body, and make it chearful, and not to dull and oppress it.

[edit] 1750
There are three things extremely hard: steel, a diamond, and to know one's self.
Genius without education is like silver in the mine.

[edit] 1753
Tis against some Mens Principle to pay Interest, and seems against others Interest to pay the Principal.
Setting too good an Example is a Kind of Slander seldom forgiven; 'tis Scandalum Magnatum.
A great Talker may be no Fool, but he is one that relies on him.
If you would reap Praise you must sow the Seeds,Gentle Words and useful Deeds.
Ignorance leads Men into a Party, and Shame keeps them from getting out again.
Haste makes Waste.
Many have quarrel'd about Religion, that never practis'd it.
Sudden Power is apt to be insolent, Sudden Liberty saucy; that behaves best which has grown gradually.
Anger is never without a Reason, but seldom with a good One.
He that is of Opinion Money will do every Thing, may well be suspected of doing every Thing for Money.
Serving God is Doing Good to Man, but Praying is thought an easier Service, and therefore more generally chosen.
Nothing humbler than Ambition, when it is about to climb.
Gifts much expected, are paid, not given.
It has pleased God in his Goodness to Mankind, at length to discover to them the Means of securing their Habitations and other Buildings from Mischief by Thunder and Lightning. The Method is this: Provide a small Iron Rod (it may be made of the Rod-iron used by the Nailers) but of such a Length, that one End being three or four Feet in the moist Ground, the other may be six or eight Feet above the highest Part of the Building. To the upper End of the Rod fasten about a Foot of Brass Wire, the Size of a common Knitting- [nbneedle, sharpened to a fine Point; the Rod may be secured to the House by a few small Staples. If the House or Barn be long, there may be a Rod and Point at each End, and a middling Wire along the Ridge from one to the other. A House thus furnished will not be damaged by Lightning, it being attracted by the Points, and passing thro the Metal into the Ground without hurting any Thing. Vessels also, having a sharp pointed Rod fix'd on the Top of their Masts, with a Wire from the Foot of the Rod reaching down, round one of the Shrouds, to the Water, will not be hurt by Lightning.
When an Indian Child has been brought up among us, taught our language and habituated to our Customs, yet if he goes to see his relations and makes one Indian Ramble with them, there is no perswading him ever to return. [But] when white persons of either sex have been taken prisoners young by the Indians, and lived a while among them, tho’ ransomed by their Friends, and treated with all imaginable tenderness to prevail with them to stay among the English, yet in Short time they become disgusted with our manner of life…and take the first good Opportunity of escaping again into the Woods, when there is no reclaiming them.

[edit] 1758
Many quotations from the preamble of
this edition are repeats of statements in previous editions, a sort of "Collected Wisdom" of Poor Richard.
The Way to see by Faith, is to shut the Eye of Reason: The Morning Daylight appears plainer when you put out your Candle.
In my Rambles, where I am not personally known, I have frequently heard one or other of my Adages repeated, with, as Poor Richard says, at the End on't; this gave me some Satisfaction, as it showed not only that my Instructions were regarded, but discovered likewise some Respect for my Authority; and I own, that to encourage the Practice of remembering and repeating those wise Sentences, I have sometimes quoted myself with great Gravity.
Father Abraham stood up, and reply'd, If you'd have my Advice, I'll give it you in short, for a Word to the Wise is enough, and many Words won't fill a Bushel, as Poor Richard says. They join'd in desiring him to speak his Mind, and gathering round him, he proceeded as follows;"Friends, says he, and Neighbours, the Taxes are indeed very heavy, and if those laid on by the Government were the only Ones we had to pay, we might more easily discharge them; but we have many others, and much more grievous to some of us. We are taxed twice as much by our Idleness, three times as much by our Pride, and four times as much by our Folly, and from these Taxes the Commissioners cannot ease or deliver us by allowing an Abatement. However let us hearken to good Advice, and something may be done for us; God helps them that help themselves, as Poor Richard says, in his Almanack of 1733.It would be thought a hard Government that should tax its People one tenth Part of their Time, to be employed in its Service. But Idleness taxes many of us much more, if we reckon all that is spent in absolute Sloth, or doing of nothing, with that which is spent in idle Employments or Amusements, that amount to nothing. Sloth, by bringing on Diseases, absolutely shortens Life.
Sloth, like Rust, consumes faster than Labour wears, while the used Key is always bright.
Dost thou love Life, then do not squander Time, for that's the Stuff Life is made of.
There will be sleeping enough in the Grave.
Lost Time is never found again; and what we call Time-enough, always proves little enough: Let us then up and be doing, and doing to the Purpose; so by Diligence shall we do more with less Perplexity. Sloth makes all Things difficult, but Industry all easy
Want of Care does us more Damage than Want of Knowledge.
For want of a Nail the Shoe was lost; for want of a Shoe the Horse was lost; and for want of a Horse the Rider was lost, being overtaken and slain by the Enemy, all for want of Care about a Horse-shoe Nail.
Earlier proverb, compare "For want of a nail the shoe is lost, for want of a shoe the horse is lost, for want of a horse the rider is lost."
George Herbert, Jacula Prudentum (1651) No. 499
Pride that dines on Vanity sups on Contempt.
When you have got the Philosopher's Stone, sure you will no longer complain of bad Times, or the Difficulty of paying Taxes.
Experience keeps a dear School, but Fools will learn in no other, and scarce in that.
They that won't be counselled, can't be helped.
Thus the old Gentleman ended his Harangue. The People heard it, and approved the Doctrine, and immediately practised the contrary, just as if it had been a common Sermon; for the Vendue opened, and they began to buy extravagantly, notwithstanding all his Cautions, and their own Fear of Taxes. — I found the good Man had thoroughly studied my Almanacks, and digested all I had dropt on those Topicks during the Course of Five-and-twenty Years. The frequent Mention he made of me must have tired any one else, but my Vanity was wonderfully delighted with it, though I was conscious that not a tenth Part of the Wisdom was my own which he ascribed to me, but rather the Gleanings I had made of the Sense of all Ages and Nations. However, I resolved to be the better for the Echo of it; and though I had at first determined to buy Stuff for a new Coat, I went away resolved to wear my old One a little longer. Reader, if thou wilt do the same, thy Profit will be as great as mine.
When you're an Anvil, hold you still;When you're a Hammer, strike your Fill.
When Knaves betray each other, one can scarce be blamed, or the other pitied.
Fools need Advice most, but wise Men only are the better for it.
Silence is not always a Sign of Wisdom, but Babbling is ever a Mark of Folly.
Great Modesty often hides great Merit.
You may delay, but Time will not.
Virtue may not always make a Face handsome, but Vice will certainly make it ugly.
Content is the Philosopher's Stone, that turns all it touches into Gold.
Statement on the value of contentment.
He that's content, hath enough; He that complains, has too much.
Half the Truth is often a great Lie.
Good-Will, like the Wind, floweth where it listeth.
In a corrupt Age, the putting the World in order would breed Confusion; then e'en mind your own Business.
To serve the Publick faithfully, and at the same time please it entirely, is impracticable.
Rob not God, nor the Poor, lest thou ruin thyself; the Eagle snatcht a Coal from the Altar, but it fired her Nest.
Plough deep, while sluggards sleep, and you shall have corn to sell and keep.
Away then, with your expensive follies, and you will not have then so much reason to complain of hard times, heavy taxes, and chargeable families.
With bounteous Cheer,Conclude the Year.
He that lives on hope will die fasting.

[edit] 1772
Letter to his friend, Joseph Priestly, London, September 19, 1772
Dear Sir,
In the Affair of so much Importance to you, wherein you ask my Advice, I cannot for want of sufficient Premises, advise you what to determine, but if you please I will tell you how.
When these difficult Cases occur, they are difficult chiefly because while we have them under Consideration all the Reasons pro and con are not present to the Mind at the same time; but sometimes one Set present themselves, and at other times another, the first being out of Sight. Hence the various Purposes or Inclinations that alternately prevail, and the Uncertainty that perplexes us.
To get over this, my Way is, to divide half a Sheet of Paper by a Line into two Columns, writing over the one Pro, and over the other Con. Then during three or four Days Consideration I put down under the different Heads short Hints of the different Motives that at different Times occur to me for or against the Measure. When I have thus got them all together in one View, I endeavour to estimate their respective Weights; and where I find two, one on each side, that seem equal, I strike them both out: If I find a Reason pro equal to some two Reasons con, I strike out the three. If I judge some two Reasons con equal to some three Reasons pro, I strike out the five; and thus proceeding I find at length where the Ballance lies; and if after a Day or two of farther Consideration nothing new that is of Importance occurs on either side, I come to a Determination accordingly.
And tho' the Weight of Reasons cannot be taken with the Precision of Algebraic Quantities, yet when each is thus considered separately and comparatively, and the whole lies before me, I think I can judge better, and am less likely to take a rash Step; and in fact I have found great Advantage from this kind of Equation, in what may be called Moral or Prudential Algebra.
Wishing sincerely that you may determine for the best, I am ever, my dear Friend,
Yours most affectionately
B. Franklin
*Source: Mr. Franklin: A Selection from His Personal Letters. Contributors: Whitfield J. Bell Jr., editor, Franklin, author, Leonard W. Labaree, editor. Publisher: Yale University Press: New Haven, CT 1956. (
http://www.procon.org/franklinletter.htm)

Saturday, March 8, 2008

how to write an biography?

HOW TO WRITE AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY

When writing an autobiography, you focus on three major things: who you are in life, what life means to you and what your outlook on the future is.
"Autobiographies have been written since A.D. 400 when an early Christian leader, Saint Augustine, wrote his." An autobiography is information about one's own life written by that one person. In it, it tells what that person's life is all about. When writing your own autobiography, use interesting facts to explain as much about yourself as you can.
The first things you do when writing an autobiography is start off with a lot of facts about your life; for example, when and where you were born, where you live (city and state), where you go to school and who you live with. You have to give a lot of information so your reader can clearly understand what is going on. Once you have written this introduction, you are ready to start your first paragraph of the autobiography.
Who you are in life?
The best way to start an autobiography is to state your name. When you are writing this paragraph, you usually explain the type of person you are; use facts about yourself such as: have you won any awards? What types of awards have you won? Did you finish school? Do you plan on going to college?
What life means to you?
This is now your second paragraph. In this paragraph you should state how you see life--what does life mean to you. Are you happy or sad? Do you have a lot of friends or just a few? How do you make your school days go by? Do you have a boyfriend/girlfriend? What are your favorite places to go on dates? How long have you been dating? If you are involved in a relationship, do you think it will last forever?
What is your outlook on the future?
In this paragraph you should explain what you think the future will be like. Pick a year and explain how it will be but explain it through your eyes. Where will you be? How will you be living? Will you be married? Will there be any kids? Who will you be married to? What is he/she like? How long will you have been together?

Conclusion
The conclusion is the last paragraph of your autobiography and an important one, too. In the conclusion you usually try to re-word the introduction and add some type of closure to bring the whole autobiography together.

AN EXAMPLE OF AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY
I was born on a warm, sunny day in June in Sarasota, Florida. I still live in Sarasota, Florida, and I go to school at Booker High School. I live with my mom, Kate; my brother, Jake; and my Aunt Molly. When I was born, my bother was fifteen-months-old and hid under the table from me. Jake is a sweet kid and he would do anything for me, but like all brothers and sisters we fight like cats and dogs. Sometimes when no one was around, Jake would come up to me and bite my toes for no reason. I still love him but only because he is my brother.
Who I am in life.
My name is Sally Friday. I started school when I was six-years-old. I went to kindergarten through fifth grade at Booker Elementary and while I was there, I won an award for perfect attendance. I also won an award for honor roll all four terms. Then I attended Booker Middle School, and there I also won a couple of awards: one for perfect attendance and two for being named Student of the Year--one in sixth grades and the other in eighth grade. I am now a senior at Booker High School. I plan on finishing school and maybe going to a community college.
What life means to me.
Life to me means friends and family who you can trust and who trusts you. I am pretty much on the happy side of life, but like all teens I do I have my "days of." That means I do have some sad days or depressed days. I have a few friends here that sort of look out for me and when I am having a bad day, I have someone here at school to talk to. I make my school days go by thinking of either the next hour or what I will do when I get home or on the weekend. I'm not seeing anyone now but when I did have a boyfriend, our favorite places to go were the movies and out to dinner. Sometimes we went to the beach. Only once we went to an amusement park: Universal Studios. We were together for twenty-nine days and then we broke-up; so no, I don't think it was forever.
What's my outlook on the future?
The year 2018 will make twenty years since I graduated from high school. I think I will probably be still living here in Sarasota. I will be quite comfortable with my living situation, meaning that I will be married to Paul Smith. We will have one child: Linda Teresa Smith, who at that point will be three-years-old and a little devil. Paul is a sweet guy; he will do anything for anyone. He is six feet tall and built well. He has baby blue eyes and blond hair. We will have been together for five years and will be happy together--this is forever.
Conclusion
As I said in the beginning, I was born here in Florida and I've lived here my whole life. I would like to see more of the USA but unfortunately, I don't have any money to leave Florida to go anywhere right now. I hope you have enjoyed reading my life story as much as I have enjoyed writing it for you. Try to get as much as you can out of school; you're only there for twelve years and when you graduate, you're home free. Here's a tip for you to live or try to live by: If you think it, it can be done.

Mark Twain

Mark Twain
1.NEWS
Mark Twain play to appear on Broadway03-22-2007Is Mark Twain ready for Broadway? You better believe it. According to producer Bob Boyett, the recently discovered Twain-written play, “Is He Dead?” is scheduled for an October opening on Broadway. In an article featured on
Playbill.com, Boyett told reporter Zachary Pincus-Roth that rehearsals are set to begin in September with the play opening at the end of October. This past February, Boyett, along with co-producer Bill Haber, brought on David Ives to rework the long lost Twain play and hired Michael Blakemore to direct. According to the Playbill.com article, the 1898 play was unearthed by scholar Shelley Fisher Fishkin, Professor of English and Director of American Studies at Stanford University, while looking in an archive of Twain's papers at the University of California. The article goes on to state that Boyett obtained rights to the play in the spring of 2003 and it was published that fall.


2.BIOGRAPHY

On Nov. 30, 1835, the small town of Florida, Mo. witnessed the birth of its most famous son. Samuel Langhorne Clemens was welcomed into the world as the sixth child of John Marshall and Jane Lampton Clemens. Little did John and Jane know, their son Samuel would one day be known as Mark Twain - America's most famous literary icon. Approximately four years after his birth, in 1839, the Clemens family moved 35 miles east to the town of Hannibal. A growing port city that lies along the banks of the Mississippi, Hannibal was a frequent stop for steam boats arriving by both day and night from St. Louis and New Orleans. Samuel's father was a judge, and he built a two-story frame house at 206 Hill Street in 1844. As a youngster, Samuel was kept indoors because of poor health. However,


by age nine, he seemed to recover from his ailments and joined the rest of the town's children outside. He then attended a private school in Hannibal.
When Samuel was 12, his father died of pneumonia, and at 13, Samuel left school to become a printer's apprentice. After two short years, he joined his brother Orion's newspaper as a printer and editorial assistant. It was here that young Samuel found he enjoyed writing. At 17, he left Hannibal behind for a printer's job in St. Louis. While in St. Louis, Clemens became a river pilot's apprentice. He became a licensed river pilot in 1858. Clemens' pseudonym, Mark Twain, comes from his days as a river pilot. It is a river term which means two fathoms or 12-feet when the depth of water for a boat is being sounded. "Mark twain" means that is safe to navigate. Because the river trade was brought to a stand still by the Civil War in 1861, Clemens began working as a newspaper reporter for several newspapers all over the United States. In 1870, Clemens married Olivia Langdon, and they had four children, one of whom died in infancy and two who died in their twenties. Their surviving child, Clara, lived to be 88, and had one daughter. Clara's daughter died without having any children, so there are no direct descendants of Samuel Clemens living. Twain began to gain fame when his story, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calavaras County" appeared in the New York Saturday Press on November 18, 1865. Twain's first book, "The Innocents Abroad," was published in 1869, "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" in 1876, and "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" in 1885. He wrote 28 books and numerous short stories, letters and sketches. Mark Twain passed away on April 21, 1910, but has a following still today. His childhood home is open to the public as a museum in Hannibal, and Calavaras County in California holds the Calavaras County Fair and Jumping Frog Jubilee every third weekend in May. Walking tours are given in New York City of places Twain visited near his birthday every year.



3.Works


· fiction
o
A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court
o
A Double Barrelled Detective Story
o
A Horse's Tale
o
Huckleberry Finn
o
Letters from the Earth


o
Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc
o
The $30,000 Bequest
o
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
o
The American Claimant
o
The Gilded Age
o
The Mysterious Stranger




o
The Prince and the Pauper
o
o
The Tragedy of Pudd'Nhead Wilson
o
Tom Sawyer Abroad
o
Tom Sawyer, Detective
o
· Non-Fiction
o
A Tramp Abroad
o
Chapters from My Autobiography
o
Christian Science
o
Editorial Wild Oats
o
Following the Equator
o
Is Shakespeare Dead?
o
Life on the Mississippi
o
Roughing It
o
The Innocents Abroad
o
· Short Stories
o
A Burlesque Biography
o
The Californian's Tale
o
A Dog's Tale
o
Edward Mills and George Benton: A Tale
o
The First Writing Machines
o
The Five Boons of Life
o
A Helpless Situation
o
Italian with Grammar
o
Italian without a Master
o
A Telephonic Conversation
o
Was it Heaven? Or Hell?
o
1601
o
The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County
o
A Burlesque Autobiography
o
The Facts Concerning the Recent Carnival of Crime in Connecticut
o
How to Tell a Story
o
Extracts from Adam's Diary
o
Eve's Diary
o
The Loves Of Alonzo Fitz Clarence And Rosannah Ethelton
o
About Magnanimous-Incident Literature
o
The Canvasser's Tale
o
An Encounter With An Interviewer
o
Rogers
o
Captain Stormfield's Visit to Heaven
o
The Curious Republic of Gondour
o
A Memory
o
Dan Murphy
o
Curious Relic For Sale
o
A Reminiscence of the Back Settlements
o
A Royal Compliment


o
The Approaching Epidemic
o
The European War
o
The Wild Man Interviewed
o
Goldsmith's Friend Abroad Again
o
The Stolen White Elephant
o
The £1,000,000 Bank Note
o
· Essays
o
As Concerns Interpreting The Deity
o
At The Shrine Of St. Wagner




o
Concerning Tobacco
o
The Death Of Jean
o
Fenimore Cooper's Literary Offences




o
How To Make History Dates Stick
o
The Memorable Assassination
o
On The Decay Of The Art Of Lying
o
A Scrap Of Curious History
o
A Simplified Alphabet
o
Taming The Bicycle
o
The Turning Point Of My Life
o
William Dean Howells
o
Plymouth Rock and the Pilgrims
o
Last Words of Great Men
o
The War Prayer
o
General Washington's Negro Body-servant
o
Wit Inspirations of the "Two-year-olds"
o
An Entertaining Article
o
A Letter to the Secretary of the Treasury
o
Amended Obituaries
o
A Monument to Adam
o
A Humane Word from Satan
o
The New Guide of the Conversation in Portuguese and English
o
Advice to Little Girls
o
Post-mortem Poetry
o
The Danger of Lying in Bed
o
Portrait of King William III
o
Does the Race of Man Love a Lord?
o
Punch, Brothers, Punch
o
The Great Revolution In Pitcairn
o
Paris Notes
o
Legend Of Sagenfeld, In Germany
o
Speech On The Babies
o
Speech On The Weather
o
Concerning The American Language
o
Introductory to 'Memoranda'
o
About Smells
o
A Couple of Sad Experiences
o
The 'Tournament' in A.D. 1870
o
The Tone-Imparting Committee
o
Our Precious Lunatic
o
Paul Bourget


o
What is Man?
o
· Poetry
o
O Lord, Our Father





4.FAST FACTS
Birth name: Samuel Longhorne ClemensNickname (name change): Mark Twain, Thomas Jefferson SnodgrassOccupation: NovelistBirth date: November 30, 1835Birth place: Florida, Mo.Death date: April 21, 1910Death place: Redding, Conn. Burial location: Woodlawn Cemetery, Elmira, N.Y.Spouse: Olivia LangdonChildren: Langdon Clemens, Susy Clemens, Clara Clemens, Jean ClemensDid you know?
Haley's Comet was visible in the sky on the night that Mark Twain was both born and passed away.
Mark Twain published more than 30 books throughout his career.
Hannibal, Mo. served as the inspiration for the fictional town of St. Petersberg in "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn."
As a teenager, Twain worked as an apprentice printer.
As a riverboat pilot, Twain earned from $150 to $250 a month.
During the Civil War, Twain formed a Confederate militia known as the "Marion Rangers." The militia disbanded after approximately two weeks.
Twain left Missouri after his militia disbanded and moved to Nevada. There he worked as a miner.
"Roughing It" describes Twain's journey out West with his brother Orion.
From 1901 until his death in 1910, Twain was vice president of the American Anti-Imperialist League.
"Huckleberry Finn" was ranked as the fifth most frequently challenged book in the United States by the American Library Association.
Prior to adopting Mark Twain as his pen name, Clemens wrote under the pen name Thomas Jefferson Snodgrass for a number of humorous pieces that he contributed to the Keokuk Post.




5.Directory of Mark Twain's maxims, quotations, and various opinions:

ADVICE
There are three things which I consider excellent advice. First, don't smoke to access. Second, don't drink to excess. Third, don't marry to excess.
BABIES
Sufficient unto the day is one baby. As long as you are in your right mind don't you ever pray for twins. Twins amount to a permanent riot; and there ain't any real difference between triplets and a insurrection.- The Babies speech 1879


Cat
Of all God's creatures there is only one that cannot be made the slave of the lash. That one is the cat. If man could be crossed with the cat it would improve man, but it would deteriorate the cat.- Notebook, 1894

DANCE
I was exceedingly delighted with the waltz, and also with the polka. These differ in name, but there the difference ceases--the dances are precisely the same. You have only to spin around with frightful velocity and steer clear of the furniture. This has a charming and bewildering effect. You catch glimpses of a confused and whirling multitude of people, and above them a row of distracted fiddlers extending entirely around the room. The waltz and the polka are very exhilarating--to use a mild term--amazingly exhilarating.-
Territorial Enterprise, Letter 12/12/1862
ECONOMY
It isn't the sum you get, it's how much you can buy with it, that's the important thing; and it's that that tells whether your wages are high in fact or only high in name.- A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court


FACTS
How empty is theory in the presence of fact!- A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court

GAMBLING
Illustration from first edition of
LIFE ON THE MISSISSIPPI There are few things that are so unpardonably neglected in our country as poker. The upper class knows very little about it. Now and then you find ambassadors who have sort of a general knowledge of the game, but the ignorance of the people is fearful. Why, I have known clergymen, good men, kind-hearted, liberal, sincere, and all that, who did not know the meaning of a "flush." It is enough to make one ashamed of one's species.
- quoted in A Bibliography of Mark Twain, Merle Johnson

HABIT
Habit is habit and not to be flung out of the window by any man, but coaxed downstairs a step at a time.- Pudd'nhead Wilson's Calendar

ILLNESS
....as far as being on the verge of being a sick man I don't take any stock in that. I have been on the verge of being an angel all of my life, but it's never happened yet.- Mark Twain, a Biography

JESUS
Jesus died to save men--a small thing for an immortal to do, & didn't save many, anyway; but if he had been damned for the race that would have been act of a size proper to a god, & would have saved the whole race. However, why should anybody want to save the human race, or damn it either? Does God want its society? Does Satan?- Notebook #42

6.Mark twain house




The Mark Twain House
Long celebrated for its apparent whimsy and stylistic idiosyncrasy, the Twain House is more accurately noted as an inspired and sophisticated expression of modernity. In this design, the architect Edward Tuckerman Potter expanded on his earlier Nook Farm house for George and Lilly Warner (built 1870, destroyed c.1960). For Twain however, Potter employed a vibrant palette of painted brick reminiscent of William Butterfield's work in England of the 1860s and traditional chalet designs of the Alsatian region of France.
The Twain house is defined mostly by the variety and unpredictability of its elements. No two elevations are alike; generally symmetrical gables are, upon closer inspection, subtly different in their decorative treatments: various chimneys and towers rise spontaneously in contrast to the calming, broad sweep of the deep porches and porte cochere. The painted brick diaper pattern seems to strain as it contains the shifting surfaces of the walls and the vigorously projecting bays.
This commitment to experimentation is also revealed in the exotic and provocative interiors designed by Louis Comfort Tiffany and his partners in Associated Artists. Cultures and styles from around the globe are celebrated and reinterpreted in the dense network of pattern, texture, and color throughout the first floor of the house. Northern Africa, the Far East and India are woven together in a bravura performance of a knowing and elegant eclecticism that helped set a new standard for the Gilded Age.
New technologies were also employed that included a gravity flow heat system, split flues to allow for windows over two fireplaces, and seven bathrooms with flush toilets. In addition, Twain was both proud of, and flummoxed by, his telephone, one of the very first installed in a private home. When combined with his profoundly new way of writing as he advanced his increasingly progressive social and political views, the house is more clearly appreciated as a landmark of modern American thought in the fullest sense.





CAREER HIGHLIGHTS
1839 - Samuel Clemens moves to Hannibal, Mo.
1867 - Publishes his first book, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County."
1869 - Mark Twain publishes "Innocents Abroad" after traveling through Europe and the "Holy Land." The book is considered to be Twain's first best-seller.
1876 - Mark Twain publishes "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer."
1882 - Publishes the novel "The Prince and the Pauper."
1884 - Mark Twain publishes his most popular work, "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn."
Feb. 2, 1870 - Mark Twain marries Olivia Langdon
1907 - Twain receives an honorary doctorate from Oxford University.